Metallurgical Glossary


	FLAME METALLURGICAL, INC.
Glossary

Many common definitions for metallurgical terms and abbreviations used in our business and industry can be found in our glossary. Simply click on the first letter of the word or term from the alphabet list to go to the appropriate section :

A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z
(Please suggest a word or term that you might need defined and is not listed.)

A
AC abbr Air Cooled.

ANN abbr For Annealed.

AR abbr As Rolled.

AW abbr Average Wall thickness of a tube.

Alloy Steel A steel whose mechanical properties are enhanced by specified quantities of one or more additional alloying elements to a carbon steel. Increased and/or larger percentages of elements such as manganese or silicon than are ordinarily present in carbon steel may also be referred to as an alloy steel.

Acicular A needlelike spine, bristle or crystal.

Ambient (testing) Room environment (temp,pressure,humidity) usually 25 degrees C (77 F).

Anneal A controlled heating, holding & cooling treatment used to primarily soften materials or to impart specific changes to the materials mechanical properties or microstructure.

Anode The positive terminal in an electrolytic cell ; the negetive terminal of a primary cell or storage battery delivering current.

As-quenched Austenitized and quenched with no subsequent thermal treatment.

Austempering A low stress and low distortion isothermal heat treatment to lower bainite. Ferrous alloys are austenitized, rapidly quenched (usually molten salt) to a temperature just above the martensite start temperature and held until transformation to bainite is complete.

Austenite A solid solution of elements in face-centered cubic iron.

A
AC	abbr Air Cooled.
ANN	abbr For Annealed.
AR	abbr As Rolled.
AW	abbr Average Wall thickness of a tube.
Alloy Steel	A steel whose mechanical properties are enhanced by specified quantities of one or more additional alloying elements to a carbon steel. Increased and/or larger percentages of elements such as manganese or silicon than are ordinarily present in carbon steel may also be referred to as an alloy steel.
Acicular	A needlelike spine, bristle or crystal.
Ambient	(testing) Room environment (temp,pressure,humidity) usually 25 degrees C (77 F).
Anneal	A controlled heating, holding & cooling treatment used to primarily soften materials or to impart specific changes to the materials mechanical properties or microstructure.
Anode	The positive terminal in an electrolytic cell ; the negetive terminal of a primary cell or storage battery delivering current.
As-quenched	Austenitized and quenched with no subsequent thermal treatment.
Austempering	A low stress and low distortion isothermal heat treatment to lower bainite. Ferrous alloys are austenitized, rapidly quenched (usually molten salt) to a temperature just above the martensite start temperature and held until transformation to bainite is complete.
Austenite	A solid solution of elements in face-centered cubic iron.

B
BOL abbr Bill of Lading used for shipping.

Billet A semifinished round or square hot worked by forging, extruding or rolling. A steel billet has a minimum width or thickness of 1.5 inches and a cross-sectional area varying from 2.5 to 36 square inches.

Bore The inner diameter (ID) of a tube.

Brale A spheroconical industrial diamond rockwell test penetrator.

B
BOL	abbr Bill of Lading used for shipping.
Billet	A semifinished round or square hot worked by forging, extruding or rolling. A steel billet has a minimum width or thickness of 1.5 inches and a cross-sectional area varying from 2.5 to 36 square inches.
Bore	The inner diameter (ID) of a tube.
Brale	A spheroconical industrial diamond rockwell test penetrator.

C
Cantilever A projecting beam or member supported at one end only.

Carbon Steel A carbon steel always contains carbon and typically accepted amounts of manganese (1.65% max), silicon (0.60% max), phosphorus (0.40% max) and sulfur (0.50% max). Additionally, copper (0.60% max) may be present. Other various amounts of residual elements may be present.

Cathode The negetive terminal in an electrolytic cell ; the positive terminal of a primary cell or storage battery delivering current.

Chamfer To bevel or groove.

Charge A material load.

Chipping Surface conditioning using a pneumatic hammer and chisel.

Circumference The perimeter of a circle (2*pi*r).

Cold Work Permanent strain produced in a metal below its recrystallization temp by an external force.

Columbium (symbol Cb)An older name for the element niobium.

Concentric Having a common center. For a tubing product, the center of both OD and ID circles is at the same point.

Coupon A test piece.

Crop To cut or trim for 'yield' a bar, tube, billet or ingot.

C
Cantilever	A projecting beam or member supported at one end only.
Carbon Steel	A carbon steel always contains carbon and typically accepted amounts of manganese (1.65% max), silicon (0.60% max), phosphorus (0.40% max) and sulfur (0.50% max). Additionally, copper (0.60% max) may be present. Other various amounts of residual elements may be present.
Cathode	The negetive terminal in an electrolytic cell ; the positive terminal of a primary cell or storage battery delivering current.
Chamfer	To bevel or groove.
Charge	A material load.
Chipping	Surface conditioning using a pneumatic hammer and chisel.
Circumference	The perimeter of a circle (2pir).
Cold Work	Permanent strain produced in a metal below its recrystallization temp by an external force.
Columbium	(symbol Cb)An older name for the element niobium.
Concentric	Having a common center. For a tubing product, the center of both OD and ID circles is at the same point.
Coupon	A test piece.
Crop	To cut or trim for 'yield' a bar, tube, billet or ingot.

D
DA abbr Double Age (ie. DA H1150 for 17-4 SS).

Di abbr Ideal Critical Diameter.

Decarburization (decarb) Loss of carbon from the surface of a ferrous metal as a result of heating in a medium that reacts with carbon at the surface.

Density The weight of a substance per unit of volume.

Distortion A change in shape (usually undesirable) due to thermal or mechanical stresses.

Double Temper Two complete and separate tempering treatments.

Drawing An outdated expression for tempering.

Ductility The ability of a metal to deform plastically without fracture.

D
DA	abbr Double Age (ie. DA H1150 for 17-4 SS).
Di	abbr Ideal Critical Diameter.
Decarburization	(decarb) Loss of carbon from the surface of a ferrous metal as a result of heating in a medium that reacts with carbon at the surface.
Density	The weight of a substance per unit of volume.
Distortion	A change in shape (usually undesirable) due to thermal or mechanical stresses.
Double Temper	Two complete and separate tempering treatments.
Drawing	An outdated expression for tempering.
Ductility	The ability of a metal to deform plastically without fracture.

E
E or EF abbr For Electric Furnace.

ER abbr For Equivalent Round test piece comparison method.

ERW abbr For Electric Resistance Weld.

EUL abbr testing Extension Under Load

Eccentric Not having the same center. For a tubing product, the centers of the OD and ID circles are at different points. example

Elastic Limit The maximum stress to which a material may be subjected without any permanent strain remaining upon release of the stress.

Elastic Ratio The stress @ yield point or yield strength divided by tensile strength.

Elongation
(%EL) (testing) In tensile testing, the increase in the specimen gage length used as a measure of ductility ((final-orig)/orig)x 100.

Extensometer An instrument used to measure specimen length changes during tensile testing.

E
E or EF	abbr For Electric Furnace.
ER	abbr For Equivalent Round test piece comparison method.
ERW	abbr For Electric Resistance Weld.
EUL	abbr testing Extension Under Load
Eccentric	Not having the same center. For a tubing product, the centers of the OD and ID circles are at different points. example
Elastic Limit	The maximum stress to which a material may be subjected without any permanent strain remaining upon release of the stress.
Elastic Ratio	The stress @ yield point or yield strength divided by tensile strength.
Elongation (%EL)	(testing) In tensile testing, the increase in the specimen gage length used as a measure of ductility ((final-orig)/orig)x 100.
Extensometer	An instrument used to measure specimen length changes during tensile testing.

F
Fatigue A mode of progressive fracture caused by repeated or fluctuating stresses having a maximum value less than the tensile strength of the material.

Ferrous Metal Metal(s) that consist principally of iron.

Flame Hardening Quench hardening (by mass effect, air or liquid) in which the heat is applied directly by a flame.

File Hard(ness) Qualitative hardness as compared to a known hardness set of test files.

Filler Metal The metal added in making a welded, brazed or soldered joint.

F
Fatigue	A mode of progressive fracture caused by repeated or fluctuating stresses having a maximum value less than the tensile strength of the material.
Ferrous Metal	Metal(s) that consist principally of iron.
Flame Hardening	Quench hardening (by mass effect, air or liquid) in which the heat is applied directly by a flame.
File Hard(ness)	Qualitative hardness as compared to a known hardness set of test files.
Filler Metal	The metal added in making a welded, brazed or soldered joint.

G
Grade To form or arrange a class of things in a series or scale.

Graphitization The formation of graphite in steel either during solidification (primary) or during a subsequent heat treatment (secondary).

Graphitizing Annealing a ferrous alloy to precipitate carbon as graphite.

H
H steel suffix (ie. 4140H) A grade produced to both chemistry and Hardness limits.

HB or Hb abbr Used for Brinell Hardness.

HR abbr Hot Rolled.

HRc abbr For Hardness Rockwell 'C' scale.(Also HRb, HRa, etc. to represent other Rockwell scales.)

Hr(s) abbr Sometimes seen to represent hour(s).

Hardenability In ferrous alloys, the property that determines the depth and distribution of hardness induced by quenching.

Hardening Increasing a materials hardness by a heating or cooling treatment.

Hardness A relative and comparative term referring to the resistance of a material to indentation, scratching, abrasion or cutting.

Heat Treatment or (treating) Controlled heating and cooling of a metal or alloy to obtain desired conditions or properties.

G
Grade	To form or arrange a class of things in a series or scale.
Graphitization	The formation of graphite in steel either during solidification (primary) or during a subsequent heat treatment (secondary).
Graphitizing	Annealing a ferrous alloy to precipitate carbon as graphite.

H
H steel	suffix (ie. 4140H) A grade produced to both chemistry and Hardness limits.
HB or Hb	abbr Used for Brinell Hardness.
HR	abbr Hot Rolled.
HRc	abbr For Hardness Rockwell 'C' scale.(Also HRb, HRa, etc. to represent other Rockwell scales.)
Hr(s)	abbr Sometimes seen to represent hour(s).
Hardenability	In ferrous alloys, the property that determines the depth and distribution of hardness induced by quenching.
Hardening	Increasing a materials hardness by a heating or cooling treatment.
Hardness	A relative and comparative term referring to the resistance of a material to indentation, scratching, abrasion or cutting.
Heat Treatment	or (treating) Controlled heating and cooling of a metal or alloy to obtain desired conditions or properties.

I
ID abbr Internal Diameter

Ideal Critical Diameter The diameter of a steel bar (Di) which exhibits 50% martensite at the center when subjected to a hypothetical quench which reduces the surface temp of the bar to the quenchant temp in zero time.

Inclusions Nonmetallic materials in a solid metallic matrix.

Ingot A casting suitable for working or remelting.

Init abbr Initial

Intercritical A temperature between two critical temps, usually AC1 & AC3.

Interpass Temperature In a multiple pass weld, the temp of the deposited weld metal before the next pass.

Izod A comparison cantilever impact test - usually limited to room temp only.

I
ID	abbr Internal Diameter
Ideal Critical Diameter	The diameter of a steel bar (Di) which exhibits 50% martensite at the center when subjected to a hypothetical quench which reduces the surface temp of the bar to the quenchant temp in zero time.
Inclusions	Nonmetallic materials in a solid metallic matrix.
Ingot	A casting suitable for working or remelting.
Init	abbr Initial
Intercritical	A temperature between two critical temps, usually AC1 & AC3.
Interpass Temperature	In a multiple pass weld, the temp of the deposited weld metal before the next pass.
Izod	A comparison cantilever impact test - usually limited to room temp only.

J
Jominy test A standardized hardenability test for ferrous metals.

Joule Metric unit of work or energy (1 joule=0.737562 ftlb).

J
Jominy	test A standardized hardenability test for ferrous metals.
Joule	Metric unit of work or energy (1 joule=0.737562 ftlb).

K
ksi abbr Thousand pounds per square inch (1 ksi=1000 psi ;
145.1 ksi = 145,100 psi).

Kerf The width of a sawcut.

L
LCVN abbr Longitudinal Charpy V Notch.

LE abbr Lateral Expansion

Lateral Expansion The increase in specimen width on the side opposite the notch of a fractured Charpy sample measured in thousandths of an inch.

M
M steel suffix (ie. 4140M) A Modified chemistry grade (also 4140 MOD).

mm abbr For millimeter (1 mm = .03937 inches)

Max abbr For Maximum.

MnCrMo Number A relative hardenability ranking method based on composition and the US Steel Carilloy system of multiplying factors.

McQuaid-Ehn test for revealing grain size by carburizing < 0.25%C carbon and alloy steels (ref. Annex A3 ASTM E112).

Metallurgy The science and technology of metals and alloys.

Micro abbr for sample prepared for metallographic examination of microstructure.

MIG (welding) abbr For Gas Metal Arc Welding (GMAW). Coalescence is produced by heating with an arc between a continuous consumable filler metal electrode and the work using a shielding gas.

MTR abbr For Mill Test Report or mill certifications.

Medium Anneal A subcritical anneal at approx. 1200 F to lower hardness and increase ductility.

Microstructure The structure revealed on a polished and etched metal sample by a microscope at a magnification greater than 10 diameters.

Mild (steel) A plain carbon steel with less than approximately 0.25% carbon.

Mil(s) Thousandths of an inch (1 mil = 0.001 inches).

Min abbr For Minimum.

Mult abbr of Multiple - material cut from a longer mill product to the amount of stock needed for a single workpiece.

N
NDE abbr For Nondestructive Examination.

NOM (nom) abbr For Nominal

NQT abbr For Normalize, Quench and Temper.

Normal engineering Perpendicular - perpendicular to a tangent at a point of tangency.

Normalize(ing) To austenitize a ferrous alloy at a temp above AC3 and still air cool.

O
OD abbr Outside Diameter

OFF abbr Offset

Offal The waste or trimming byproduct resulting from some process.

Overheating Heating of a steel to excessive temperatures during austenitizing.

P
pi The ratio of the circumference of a circle to it's diameter (3.14159265).

psi abbr Pounds per Square Inch.

PSL abbr Product Specification Level.

Peen(ing) Mechanical working of a metal surface by impact blows ( such as hammer or shot).

Pickling Removing surface oxides from metals by chemical or electrochemical reaction.

Plain Carbon Steel Same as a carbon steel.

Polymer (Quenching) Any one of several water soluble organic materials ( such as polyvinyl alcohol or polyalkylene glycol) that are used in various concentrations with water for quenching.

Porosity Gas pockets or voids in metal.

Prolongation An integral extension of the workpiece - typically sawcut for testing after heat treatment.

Pyrometry Temperature measurement above the range of mercurial thermometers.

K
ksi	abbr Thousand pounds per square inch (1 ksi=1000 psi ; 145.1 ksi = 145,100 psi).
Kerf	The width of a sawcut.

L
LCVN	abbr Longitudinal Charpy V Notch.
LE	abbr Lateral Expansion
Lateral Expansion	The increase in specimen width on the side opposite the notch of a fractured Charpy sample measured in thousandths of an inch.

M
M steel	suffix (ie. 4140M) A Modified chemistry grade (also 4140 MOD).
mm	abbr For millimeter (1 mm = .03937 inches)
Max	abbr For Maximum.
MnCrMo Number	A relative hardenability ranking method based on composition and the US Steel Carilloy system of multiplying factors.
McQuaid-Ehn	test for revealing grain size by carburizing < 0.25%C carbon and alloy steels (ref. Annex A3 ASTM E112).
Metallurgy	The science and technology of metals and alloys.
Micro	abbr for sample prepared for metallographic examination of microstructure.
MIG (welding)	abbr For Gas Metal Arc Welding (GMAW). Coalescence is produced by heating with an arc between a continuous consumable filler metal electrode and the work using a shielding gas.
MTR	abbr For Mill Test Report or mill certifications.
Medium Anneal	A subcritical anneal at approx. 1200 F to lower hardness and increase ductility.
Microstructure	The structure revealed on a polished and etched metal sample by a microscope at a magnification greater than 10 diameters.
Mild (steel)	A plain carbon steel with less than approximately 0.25% carbon.
Mil(s)	Thousandths of an inch (1 mil = 0.001 inches).
Min	abbr For Minimum.
Mult	abbr of Multiple - material cut from a longer mill product to the amount of stock needed for a single workpiece.

N
NDE	abbr For Nondestructive Examination.
NOM (nom)	abbr For Nominal
NQT	abbr For Normalize, Quench and Temper.
Normal	engineering Perpendicular - perpendicular to a tangent at a point of tangency.
Normalize(ing)	To austenitize a ferrous alloy at a temp above AC3 and still air cool.

O
OD	abbr Outside Diameter
OFF	abbr Offset
Offal	The waste or trimming byproduct resulting from some process.
Overheating	Heating of a steel to excessive temperatures during austenitizing.

P
pi	The ratio of the circumference of a circle to it's diameter (3.14159265).
psi	abbr Pounds per Square Inch.
PSL	abbr Product Specification Level.
Peen(ing)	Mechanical working of a metal surface by impact blows ( such as hammer or shot).
Pickling	Removing surface oxides from metals by chemical or electrochemical reaction.
Plain Carbon Steel	Same as a carbon steel.
Polymer (Quenching)	Any one of several water soluble organic materials ( such as polyvinyl alcohol or polyalkylene glycol) that are used in various concentrations with water for quenching.
Porosity	Gas pockets or voids in metal.
Prolongation	An integral extension of the workpiece - typically sawcut for testing after heat treatment.
Pyrometry	Temperature measurement above the range of mercurial thermometers.

Q
QTC abbr Qualification Test Coupon

Qualitative Relating to or involving a quality of or description of some item, substance or mixture.

Quantitative Relating to or involving actual measurement of quantity or amount.

Quasi Having some resemblance, sense or degree of certain attributes.

Quench (ing) The process in which a steel is rapidly cooled from the austenitizing temperature in order to promote a hardening reaction.

Quenchant The fluid or medium that the heated work is immersed into.

Q
QTC	abbr Qualification Test Coupon
Qualitative	Relating to or involving a quality of or description of some item, substance or mixture.
Quantitative	Relating to or involving actual measurement of quantity or amount.
Quasi	Having some resemblance, sense or degree of certain attributes.
Quench (ing)	The process in which a steel is rapidly cooled from the austenitizing temperature in order to promote a hardening reaction.
Quenchant	The fluid or medium that the heated work is immersed into.

R
Radius A line segment extending from the center of a circle or sphere to the curve or surface.

Reduction of
Area (%RA) (testing) In tensile testing , the change (decrease) in the specimen's cross-sectional gage area ; used as a measure of ductility ((orig-final)/orig) x 100.

Room Temp For testing purposes, room temp = 25 degrees C (77 F).

R
Radius	A line segment extending from the center of a circle or sphere to the curve or surface.
Reduction of Area (%RA)	(testing) In tensile testing , the change (decrease) in the specimen's cross-sectional gage area ; used as a measure of ductility ((orig-final)/orig) x 100.
Room Temp	For testing purposes, room temp = 25 degrees C (77 F).

S
SA abbr Single Age (ie. SA H1050 for 17-4 SS).

SAW abbr For Submerged Arc Weld.

Scale(ing) Formation of a thick layer of oxidation products on metals at high temperatures or deposition of water insoluble products on a metal surface.

Scarfing Surface removal or conditioning using an oxygen torch.

Segregation Non-uniform distribution of phases, alloying elements or impurities.

Shear(%) Charpy testing The % of fibrous, ductile, dull appearing fracture, measured or observed on the outer portion of a broken Charpy test specimen fracture face.

Slot A narrow opening or groove ( usually referring to the ground flat on a workpiece used for hardness testing , ie. Brinell slot).

Smut Byproduct (usually black) sometimes formed on sample surface after etching.

Smls abbr For Seamless.

Soak(ing) Time Holding time at a specified temperature after material has been heated to furnace temperature.

Soft Anneal A subcritical anneal at approx. 1300 F to lower hardness and increase ductility.

Spalling Cracking and flaking of particles from a surface.

Spatter The metal particles expelled from (and that do not become a part) of a weld.

Stainless Steel A steel whose main alloying element is Chromium (Cr); >= 4%.

Stock A broad term for the starting material of some processing or forming operation.

Strap testing Same as a strip tensile specimen.

Stress engineering Force per unit area. For example, in tension or compression , stress = force(lbs)/original area(sq.in.).

Stress Relief Anneal A subcritical anneal at approx 1100 F to relieve residual stress levels.

Subcritical A temperature below a critical temp, usually AC1.

Swaging Forming a taper or reduction on metal products by forging, squeezing or hammering.

S
SA	abbr Single Age (ie. SA H1050 for 17-4 SS).
SAW	abbr For Submerged Arc Weld.
Scale(ing)	Formation of a thick layer of oxidation products on metals at high temperatures or deposition of water insoluble products on a metal surface.
Scarfing	Surface removal or conditioning using an oxygen torch.
Segregation	Non-uniform distribution of phases, alloying elements or impurities.
Shear(%)	Charpy testing The % of fibrous, ductile, dull appearing fracture, measured or observed on the outer portion of a broken Charpy test specimen fracture face.
Slot	A narrow opening or groove ( usually referring to the ground flat on a workpiece used for hardness testing , ie. Brinell slot).
Smut	Byproduct (usually black) sometimes formed on sample surface after etching.
Smls	abbr For Seamless.
Soak(ing) Time	Holding time at a specified temperature after material has been heated to furnace temperature.
Soft Anneal	A subcritical anneal at approx. 1300 F to lower hardness and increase ductility.
Spalling	Cracking and flaking of particles from a surface.
Spatter	The metal particles expelled from (and that do not become a part) of a weld.
Stainless Steel	A steel whose main alloying element is Chromium (Cr); >= 4%.
Stock	A broad term for the starting material of some processing or forming operation.
Strap	testing Same as a strip tensile specimen.
Stress	engineering Force per unit area. For example, in tension or compression , stress = force(lbs)/original area(sq.in.).
Stress Relief Anneal	A subcritical anneal at approx 1100 F to relieve residual stress levels.
Subcritical	A temperature below a critical temp, usually AC1.
Swaging	Forming a taper or reduction on metal products by forging, squeezing or hammering.

T
T@t acronym For Time at Temperature.

TCVN abbr Transverse Charpy V Notch.

TIG (welding) abbr For Gas Tungsten Arc Welding (GTAW). Coalescence is produced by heating with an arc between a tungsten nonconsumable electrode and the work using a shielding gas.

TP abbr Test Piece

Tally A list or accounting of an item (usually a listing of part lengths).

Temper(ing) To reheat a hardened material at a temp below the lower critical (AC1) to lower hardness and increase toughness.

Tensile Strength (testing) In tensile testing, the maximum load (ie. lbs) divided by the original area (ie. sq.in.).

Test Number Flame internal traceability number assigned to all test pieces.

Thermal Relating to or involving a state of matter dependent on temperature.

Thermal Stresses Stresses within a metal due to differential heating or cooling.

Toughness The ability of a material to absorb energy and plastically deform before fracture.

TS/YS acronym For Tensile Strength - Yield Strength.

T
T@t	acronym For Time at Temperature.
TCVN	abbr Transverse Charpy V Notch.
TIG (welding)	abbr For Gas Tungsten Arc Welding (GTAW). Coalescence is produced by heating with an arc between a tungsten nonconsumable electrode and the work using a shielding gas.
TP	abbr Test Piece
Tally	A list or accounting of an item (usually a listing of part lengths).
Temper(ing)	To reheat a hardened material at a temp below the lower critical (AC1) to lower hardness and increase toughness.
Tensile Strength	(testing) In tensile testing, the maximum load (ie. lbs) divided by the original area (ie. sq.in.).
Test Number	Flame internal traceability number assigned to all test pieces.
Thermal	Relating to or involving a state of matter dependent on temperature.
Thermal Stresses	Stresses within a metal due to differential heating or cooling.
Toughness	The ability of a material to absorb energy and plastically deform before fracture.
TS/YS	acronym For Tensile Strength - Yield Strength.

U
UNS abbr Unified Numbering System for metals and alloys.

Ultimate Strength (testing) Another expression for the tensile strength.

Undersoaking Holding at the austenitizing temperature for too short a time.

U
UNS	abbr Unified Numbering System for metals and alloys.
Ultimate Strength	(testing) Another expression for the tensile strength.
Undersoaking	Holding at the austenitizing temperature for too short a time.

V
VAR abbr Vacuum Arc Remelt (consumable electrode steel making process).

V
VAR	abbr Vacuum Arc Remelt (consumable electrode steel making process).

W
WIP abbr Work In Process.

Warp(ing) A change in shape (usually undesirable) due to thermal or mechanical stresses.

Welding The fusion of metals with or without the addition of any filler material.

Weldment An assembly whose component members are joined by welding.

Work Order Flame internal processing number (abbr WO) same as shop order.

Workpiece A piece of work in process of manufacture.

Wrought Worked or formed into shape by mechanical effort.

W
WIP	abbr Work In Process.
Warp(ing)	A change in shape (usually undesirable) due to thermal or mechanical stresses.
Welding	The fusion of metals with or without the addition of any filler material.
Weldment	An assembly whose component members are joined by welding.
Work Order	Flame internal processing number (abbr WO) same as shop order.
Workpiece	A piece of work in process of manufacture.
Wrought	Worked or formed into shape by mechanical effort.

X
X steel suffix (ie. 4140X) A grade produced with a slight change in chemistry ; not sufficent to require a new grade designation.

X
X steel	suffix (ie. 4140X) A grade produced with a slight change in chemistry ; not sufficent to require a new grade designation.

Y
Yield Point (testing) In tensile testing, that first material stress in which an increase in strain occurs without a corresponding increase in stress.

Yield Strength (testing) In tensile testing, the stress (ie. lbs) a which a material exhibits a specified deviation from the stress-strain proportionality. The stress (or load) at the specified location is then divided by the original area to give the yield strength.

Y
Yield Point	(testing) In tensile testing, that first material stress in which an increase in strain occurs without a corresponding increase in stress.
Yield Strength	(testing) In tensile testing, the stress (ie. lbs) a which a material exhibits a specified deviation from the stress-strain proportionality. The stress (or load) at the specified location is then divided by the original area to give the yield strength.

Z
Zee(s) A structural steel shape designation.

Zero (Absolute) Temperature equal to 0 Kelvin ; -273.15 Centigrade or -459.67 Fahrenheit.

Z
Zee(s)	A structural steel shape designation.
Zero (Absolute)	Temperature equal to 0 Kelvin ; -273.15 Centigrade or -459.67 Fahrenheit.

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